During the 16th and 17th century, all across Europe, in every town and village, women were killed, en masse, as witches. In some towns there were a few killed every week, in some towns hundreds killed in one go. The killings went on for two centuries and touched everyone’s lives. They spread fear, destroyed networks and resistance and did not stop until the population was sufficiently subordinated and the emerging state, capitalist social relations and church had got its claws into the lives and psyches of the people. Not only is the deep significance of the witch trials glossed over in mainstream history, it is glossed over in Marxist and anarchist history too. Where it is discussed the gender implications are not brought to the fore. This pamphlet is a small step to redressing the balance. It includes a brief historical background and a description of the trials, followed by a discussion of some of their causes and effects. Understanding the witch trials is vital part of understanding the rise of capitalism, the family, women’s roles and our relation to our bodies. This brief overview looks at the economic, social and ideological reasons for, and effects of, the massacre of women that took place during the rise of capitalism. Can also be downloaded via: http://www.escanda.org/RWG/Texts/burning_women.pdf