The two Russo-Chechen wars (1994-6 and 1999-onwards) have brought the country and its people to the centre of world attention, most recently when separatists stormed a Moscow theatre, taking hundreds of people hostage. This book takes a different approach from most studies published on Chechnya, arguing that fully to grasp the significance and meaning of recent events one has to study them from a long historical perspective. Since Chechen nationalists regard the wars of the 1990s onwards as part of a ‘three hundred year long war’ between them and Russia, `The Lone Wolf and the Bear’ takes the Russo-Chechen confrontation back to Moscow’s first attempts to expand into the Caucasus in the sixteenth century. While concentrating on the Chechen struggle, its evolution and many causes, the book also tracks change within Chechen society following contact with Russia, the various and unexpected forms of modernisation, Russification and Sovietisation, the way these moulded Chechen self-perceptions and the nature of their struggle and its contribution to Chechen defiance of Russian power.